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Alfred M. HUBBARD Coil Generator
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Seattle Post-Intelligencer (July 29, 1920) Seattle Post-Intelligencer
(Feb. 26, 1928) "The Hubbard Energy Transformer" by Gaston Burridge
(Fate Magazine, July, 1956, pp. 36-42) US Patent # 1,723,422: Internal
Combustion Engine Spark Plug Notes by George Van Tassel Notes Who Was
Alfred M. Hubbard?
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The Post-Intelligencer (Seattle WA), Thursday, July 29, 1920 ~ Hubbard
Coil Runs Boat On Portage Bay Ten Knots An Hour; Auto Test Next Seattle
Boy Inventor Makes Good His Claims of Last December When He Announced
Discovery to P.I. Hubbard's Claims If young Hubbard's claims are correct
regarding the newest coil he has perfected, and which propelled a boat
yesterday, these are a few of the things the coil would do without cost
other than the initial outlay of $90: Drive a large touring car at
normal speed. Illuminate a moderate-sized office building. Furnish
current for lighting, cooking, and heating for a large residence Heat
seven two room apartments. Alfred M. Hubbard, Seattle boy inventor of a
device which for want of a better name he terms an atmospheric power
generator, yesterday made good his prediction that he would drive a
motorboat with the apparatus as a source of power. An eighteen foot
boat, propelled by a thirty-five-horse power electric motor, which
obtained its current from the Hubbard coil, was driven about Portage Bay
on Lake Union. Among those who witnessed the demonstration was a
well-known local capitalist, the inventor's father,William H. Hubbard,
and a Post Intelligencer reporter. The boat traveled at a speed of
between eight and ten knots--silently, except for the whirring of a
chain belt which connected the motor with the propeller shaft. When the
chain belt was removed, the motor ran free at a speed estimated at 3,500
revolutions [the rest of this line is unreadable] No Hidden Wires Found
To guard against the possibility of ordinary storage batteries concealed
about the boat as a power source, instead of the Hubbard coil, both
electric motor and coil were lifted free from their blocks, but no
hidden wiring was revealed. The coil used as a power unit was eleven
inches in diameter and fourteen inches in length. According to Hubbard,
tests of the coil show a current of 280 amperes and 125 volts, which, he
pointed out was equivalent to approximately forty-five horse power, or
sufficient to drive an automobile. The current is pulsating. The
electric motor was approximately twelve inches in diameter eighteen
inches in length. It had been reconstructed in order to be used with the
Hubbard coil. After his ride in the strange powered craft the capitalist
declared that he was frankly puzzled, but that he desired an electrical
engineer in his employ to make an examination of the coil before he felt
free to discuss it. Since last December, when the Post-Intelligencer
first made public the claims of the youthful inventor, he has been more
or less in retirement, perfecting his coil. He took up his residence in
Everett where, with the assistance of Everett backers he worked on his
device. A local capitalist agreed to witness a demonstration of the coil
to determine its practicability as a power source. The motorboat was
fitted with blocks on which to rest the motor and the propeller shaft
geared for a chained belt. When the motor was first tried out after its
installation in the boat it ran backwards. So involved are the
connections between the motor and the coil that fully a half-hour's
experimentation was necessary before the motor shaft revolved in the
right direction. That the capitalist was frankly skeptical of the device
was plain when he,with two other passengers, boarded the boat at the
Seattle Yacht Club wharf. All the machinery that was visible was the
coil and the motor, the latter plainly geared to the propeller shaft.
The boat shoved off, Hubbard threw the switch, and instantly the boat
began to pick up speed. It circled about the bay and returned to the
wharf, with never a slackening of speed. The wires connecting coil and
motor had begun to heat under the excessive current, and, fearing that
some part of the coil might give way under the extra heavy strain put on
it, Hubbard declined to permit the motor to be run continuously for any
length of time. It was tried out later several times, after brief
periods which allowed the wires to cool, and its power apparently showed
no diminution. No instruments were used to test its wattage. The
capitalist admitted that the demonstration intrigued his interest, but
that he would wait for his expert's opinion before discussing it.
Following the demonstration, the young inventor declared that within a
few days he expected to drive an automobile with the coil as a power
unit. The Coil used yesterday had been built especially for the
demonstration, and is nearly twice the size of the coil Hubbard used in
his demonstration last winter. The large coil cost approximately $90 to
construct. The inventor says that so far as he has been able to learn
its life as a power unit is indefinite. He declared that a coil large
enough to drive an airplane would be no more than three times the size
of the coil used yesterday, and that a machine thus equipped could fly
around the world without stopping, so far as the power supply is
concerned. While the device has been patented, the claims for it are so
broad that Hubbard says he does not feel safe in making public his
secret. In general, he says, it is made up of a group of eight
electro-magnets, each with primary and secondary windings of copper
wire, which are arranged around a large steel core. The core likewise
has a single winding. A coil thus constructed, he says, is lifeless
until given an initial impulse. This is done by connecting the ends of
its windings for a fraction of a second to an ordinary[two words
unreadable R.L.R.] -ing circuit, he says. The manner of this momentary
charging, however, constitutes the principal secret of the device,
according to the inventor, who says that while machinists have built a
number of coils for him under his direction, they have been unable to
"start" them. In the event the power of the coil should diminish, it can
be rejuvenated in less than a second, Hubbard says. Photo captions
(Photos by Walter P. Miller, Post-Intelligencer Staff Photographer) 1--
Arrangement of Hubbard coil and motor in boat. The motor is nearest the
bow. 2-- Alfred M. Hubbard, inventor of the coil used as a power unit.
3--The boat under way, driven by a motor which obtained its power from
the Hubbard coil.
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Seattle Post Intelligencer (February 26, 1928) Hubbard Believes Mystery
Motor Based On His Own Invention Ex-Dry Agent says he worked out secret
of utilizing radium power in 1919 by R.B.Bermann Alfred M. Hubbard, the
youthful stormy petrel of the Seattle branch of the federal prohibition
office, may possibly be the discoverer of at least the basic principle
behind the [Hendershot] "fuelless motor" which was demonstrated for the
first time in Detroit last week, and which is attracting the attention
of such aeronautical experts as Col. Charles A. Lindbergh and Maj.
Thomas G. Lanphier. This was claimed by Hubbard himself yesterday. While
he said that he has been able to learn none of the details in connection
with the Detroit demonstration, he declared that he was inclined to
suspect very strongly that the motor was simply a development of the
apparatus which e himself demonstrated in Seattle as early as 1919.
Driven By Radium In 1919 Hubbard represented the apparatus as being
capable of extracting electrical energy directly from the air, but he
admitted yesterday that this had been merely a subterfuge to protect his
patent rights, and that, as a matter of fact, it had been a device for
extracting electrical energy from radium, by means of a series of
transformers which stepped up the rays. He declined to go into detail in
regard to the exact manner in which he managed to extract power from
radium -- but said that, so far as he had been able to determine, there
was no great difference between the Detroit machine and his. "I never
heard of this Lester J. Hendershot, the Pittsburgh electrical engineer
who is demonstrating the motor", Hubbard said, "but it must be
remembered that I worked on the invention for two years in Pittsburgh --
in 1921 and 1922. It was a Dr. Greenslade who represented the people who
were financing me at the time -- but, of course, if the people who
bought out most of my interest in the invention were to bring it out as
their own machinery, they would probably do it through a man with whom I
had never worked. I was employed by the radium Chemical Company at the
time I was working in Pitsburgh". Sold Interest While Hubbard declined
to disclose the exact amount that he had received for his invention, he
made it clear that he had sold out a 75% interest in what may prove to
be the greatest scientific revelation of the ages for little more than a
mess of potage. "When I made my discovery", he said, "I was only 16
years old and, until that time, Iâ??d never even had an ice cream soda.
So you can imagine that a couple of thousand dollars looked mighty big
to me. I never hesitated for an instant when the people who were
financing me insisted on taking a [missing text] kept demanding more and
more of my rights. Just Quit Cold "But, at last, along in 1922, I
suddenly came to the realization that if I acceded to their latest
demand Iâ??d have only 20% interest left, so I just quit them cold".
Hubbard asserted that he has no intention of bringing any legal action
against Hendershot or his associates for the present, at least. "If he
really is using my idea", Hubbard said, "and if it proves practical,
itâ??s so big that 25% -- or 2% -- will bring in more money than I can
ever possibly use. So I am not worried ... [missing text] when he went
to work for the Pittsburgh people. Hubbard went into retirement along
with his motor for some time, but he made a dramatic return to Seattle
and public attention a few years ago, when he was indicted for liquor
conspiracy with Roy Olmstead, then acclaimed as the bootleg king of the
Northwest. Hubbard was duly arrested but, on the eve of his trial, the
indictment against him was dismissed and it later came out that, while
associated with Olmstead, he had turned government informer. Some time
after this he came out in the open as a frankly avowed prohibition
agent.
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R&D Notes on the Hubbard Coil by George Van Tassel College of Universal
Wisdom (Yucca Flats, CA) ~ Unidentified article In 1952, in a paper
entitled "The World of the Secret Forces", a group of Austrian
scientists disclosed the segmented energy pattern f the surface of the
Earth. Their research was carried on at 48° N Latitude. The segmented
checkerboard pattern of positive and negative squares on the surface of
the Earth, at the magnetic equator, was about 32 meters on each side and
becomes zero at both magnetic poles. At the 48° N Latitude the squares
were 15.9 meters. They also discovered that the Cheops Pyramid in Egypt
is about 30° N Latitude and the diagonal of the pyramid magnetic field
was circa 30 meters. It is amazing that they discovered each of the
squares had positive and negative poles in their centers, and that these
poles conform to "Hubbard's Energy Generator" in 1919, Cater's Energy
Generator in 1971, and the Chinese "Cosmic Flower", the source of all
energy. The poles in these checkerboard squares are 2.45 meters diameter
in the center pole and the eight surrounding poles are 60 cm diameter at
48° N Latitude. We are convinced that Hubbard tapped the energy from
these Earth surface poles in Seattle, Washington in 1919. Alfred M.
Hubbard was front page news on December 17, 1919, in the Seattle
Post-Intelligencer newspaper. Hubbard was only 19 years old when he
powered an 18-foot boat around Portage Bay with a 35-horsepower electric
motor hooked to his energy generator, which was only 11 inches in
diameter and 14 inches long. There were no batteries in the boat and the
boat ran for hours beyond the life of batteries. Hubbard's generator was
a central coil wound on a tube, with eight coils around it, wound on
iron cores. Here is real power without smog, or fumes and at no cost to
operate. This explains why the "authorities" stepped in and stopped the
experiments as in other cases through the years. A Finnish citizen, who
worked with Hubbard, gave some additional data to Art Aho, and we have
the original tubes that were part of Hubbard's equipment. Hubbard ran
wires North, South East and West, 1200 feet in each direction from his
coil generator in the center. These wires passed over 18 of the Earth's
square poles in each direction and ended connected to a steel tube with
some mercury in it, in the center of the 19th pole in each direction.
The alternate polarity, from each pole crossed, perpendicular to the
wire created a wave pattern from one end of the wire to the center coil
assembly creating a pulse of electrical energy. This fixed generator
transmitted a resonant energy to the generator in the boat. Can you
picture these "no maintenance, no cost" devices, set up around cities,
supplying power to the present circuits, with no radiation from
reactors, no smoke from steam-plant generators, and no danger from dams
that break and change the ecology around rivers. This is the power
principle hidden by "authority" since 1919 that has made the cost of
electricity what it is now, from expensive maintenance-hungry sources.
We hope we can set up a separate research on this principle when we
finish the "Integratron".
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Notes According to G.D.Mutch, the dimensions in the table of Table 1 are
taken from Hubbards actual 9-coil design: Table 1 Hubbard Design Outer
Inner Total Hubbards Frequencies No. Coils 8 1 9 5.340 Hz = 2.8 Ghz/
(2^19) Diameter mm 30 49 10.681 Hz =â?¬ 2.8 Ghz/ (2^18) Height mm 146
146 21.362 Hz = 2.8 Ghz/ (2^17) "Hubbard used a multiply ratio of 5.75
formulated from his knowledge of the Golden Section. Example 49/30 =
1.6333. Hubbard stated that his nine(9) coil design above stepped up the
output power compared to the input power by a ratio of 3:1... Hubbard
stated he could use copper wire of different diameter/gauges to complete
one totally wound coil.
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The Hubbard Energy Transformer by Gaston Burridge. Fate Magazine, July,
1956, pp. 36-42 The mysterious device was said to radioactive rays into
electricity - and run big motors. Recently I spent an evening with a
scientist close to atomic energy developments, and to be perfectly frank
I guided the conversation to the subject of changing radioactive ways
directly into useable electrical energy. I was told it has not been
done. That atomic scientists have tried every thing they can think of to
accomplish this neat little trick, but so far have failed. Many an
atomic researcher has believed such an arrangement possible, but the
right combination has not been found. I mentioned that I had heard of a
young man named Albert Hubbard who in 1919 was credited with having
accomplished something approaching this. My atomic scientist
acquaintance was immediately interested. The conversation changed from
me asking all the questions to him asking most of them. What will become
of it? Who knows! Ever since mankind invented the wheel he has been
searching for a means to keep his wheel turning - indefinitely and at
small costs "perpetual motion machines are seldom invented these days".
Perpetual motion seemingly has become the impossible. A few men have- or
think they have seen the way to untapped power sources. Alfred Hubbard
seems to be on of these, around him and his device as around other such
men and devices a mystery has been spun. I choose to call the Hubbard
device a transformer because it appears to transform and turn one sort
of energy into another. The apparatus is now more than 35 years old .
Alfred M. Hubbard is still alive. He is a man in his late 50's.He does
not live in this country. He continues to be secretive about his
efforts, but it is known that he is still interested in atomic energy
materials. There are many rumors afloat. Alfred M. Hubbard was a
Seattle, Washington boy. He was only sixteen when he began work on his
device and only nineteen when he perfected it to a demonstrable machine.
Hubbard's announcement of his transformer set Seattle a buzzing. On
Wednesday December 17 1919 the Post Intelligencer carried a first page
spread entitled "Hubbards New Energy Device No Fake" says Seattle
college man. That college man was Rev. Father William E. Smith professor
of physics at Seattle College, a Catholic institution. Professor Smith
was quoted as stating he had examined the Hubbard Device carefully and
had tested it as fully as his means would allow. Father Smith said, "I
unhesitatingly say that Hubbards Invention is destined to take the place
of existing power generators and that within a few years it will have
advanced the whole theory and practice of electricity beyond the dreams
of present day scientists." But it hasn't! Why hasn't it? Atomic energy
recently has become the power of electricity, but it is used to heat
water, to make stream, which turns a turbine, which turns a most
conventional generator. This is a long way from converting atomic energy
or radioactive energy directly into electricity as the Hubbard Device
was reported to do. There are rumours that there are several other
devices similar to Hubbard's. Rumour says that devices reached a most
interesting point of development and the "Authorities" stepped in and
stopped the experiments and in some cases confiscated the apparatus.
This under the guise of "improper and dangerous use of atomic energy ".
Dangerous to whom? Electricity as we know is generally is derived from
two accepted means By cutting the lines of magnetic force set up in
coils of wire carrying an electric current to produce strong magnetic
fields. By reactive chemical means which requires chemicals to be burned
reacted upon and destroyed and thus frequently replaced as in wet and
dry batteries. Recently another device has been developed which will
manufacturer electricity directly from sunlight. As yet this device has
a small output and is no threat to present generators. Hubbard's
transformer uses none of these. It appears not to be within the laws of
conservation of energy. At first Hubbard claimed he was getting his
energy from out of the air. Father Smith soon put an end to that. He did
agree however the inventor had stumbled upon something new. The word
stumbled which seems to disregard Hubbard's three years of work.
Professor Smith declined to reveal anything regarding the construction
of the device. He did say its energy output was a steady and that it
produced an alternating current. It's frequency or charge was not
mentioned. It's voltage and amp limits were not given. Photographs
published in the Intelligence indicated that the apparatus or at lest
one of them operated a light bulb of about 900 watts capacity. The
picture shows this lamp brightly aglow. The lamp was atop a small device
of which could have been held in two hands. In this case the cycle would
be relatively unimportant but the voltage would be have to be within
rather close limits. The amperage required could be slight. Father Smith
said, " I hardly think this apparatus will operate indefinitely though I
could not place a maximum length of operation at this time." He said he
believed the apparatus constructed " would continue to function for an
unheard of period and he was of the opinion it could be easily
rejuvenated after a long use." Professor Smith also said he did not
think that there was any limit to the size such a device might be built
nor a limit to its output capacities. One of the interesting experiments
made with the Hubbard transformer was the propelling of a 18 feet boat
around the Portage Bay near Seattle. A 35 horse power electric motor was
hooked up to a Hubbard transformer measuring maybe 12- 14 inches in
diameter and 14 inches in length. It furnished enough energy to drive
the boat and a pilot at a good clip around the bay. The demonstration
lasted several hours and created a sensation. The test required enough
current for a long enough time to rule out any sort of battery, being
housed in the device. Even a battery of such strength and durability
would certainly be something new. From this test we may make some
surmises. The cycle was probably 50 or 60 cycles per second. There are
25 cycle motors but they are a few and probably the boats motor was not
rewound to take either higher or lower frequency commercial electricity
in US is 60 cycles. The voltage could be 440 or 220 volts, probably 220
volts. It seems unlikely a 35 horsepower motor would have as a low
voltage of 110 volts. It is possible of course or it could have been
rewound for a higher voltage 600 volts or 1,000 volts. Ampere or quality
of current would have to be considerably less at higher voltage input
greater at a lower voltage input. If the horsepower was to be maintained
anywhere near that recorded. Thus we can suppose the Hubbard Transformer
was no baby. Soon after the demonstration, Hubbard's name dropped from
the Seattle paper and he went to work for the Radium Chemical Company of
Pittsburgh -- now of New York. But on Monday, February 27, 1928 Hubbard
and his transformer again made Seattle's Post Intelligencer headline.
This time in connection with the "Fuelless Motor" designed and built by
Lester J. Hendershot, then of Selfridge Field Detriot. In an interview
with R.B. Berman at this time, Hubbard revealed for the first time that
his transformer was powered with radioactive substances. Hubbard
admitted he had used the idea of power from the air to protect his real
idea for patent and that this machine created electrical energy directly
from rays of force or particles emitted from radioactive materials. He
did not name the materials. They remain a secret today. According to
Hubbard's statement in the newspaper he sold a 50% interest in his
device to the Radium Chemical Company and went to Pittsburgh to continue
developing the device for them. Hubbard related that the company had
demanded more and more equity in the machine until finally he retained
only a 25% interest. Evidently pressure was bought upon him to sign over
an additional 5%. This Hubbard refused to do, and in 1922 he severed
connection with Radium Chemical Company and returned to Seattle. At the
present time Hubbard is not inclined to discuss his employment period
with the Radium Chemical Company nor will he discuss this device or his
experiences with it. My first letter to the Radium Chemical Company was
not answered. A second letter a few months later brought a reply from
Mr. Grange Taylor, vice president of the concern. He stated that none of
the employees presently with the company and also with it in the early
1920's could remember anything about the device or about Hubbard
himself. Mr. Taylor letter said "there is no information available on
the device you mention." A poor description of the device may be better
than none at all. Around a hollow centred probably a non-magnetic tube
insulated copper wire is wrapped. The size of the wire and the number of
turns are not known. This winding could correspond to the primary of a
transformer. In the hollow of this tube are a series of small diameter
preferably magnetic iron rods. The radioactive materials are packed
snugly about these rods to form a compact mass. These bars do not touch
one another. If they are magnetic their poles might be all alike or they
may be alternated. Circulating the central tube and its appendages are
eight coils of wire wound upon what appears to be eight cores of
magnetic upon iron. These eight coils stand parallel to the central
tube. Their outer windings appear to be connected in series and probably
form something corresponding to the secondary of the transformer. As
there seems to be more windings on this secondary than the primary one
would suspect following ordinary electrical practice. That the
transformer was a step up variety rather than a step down. That is the
secondary voltage would be higher than its primary voltage and
consequently its amperage would be less. Four leads out wires are
showing. How they are connected together -- if they are remains a
secret. Around the outside of the windings appears to be a wrapping of
some dense material, probably meant to shield or turn aside the rays
from the radio active materials within. Such a shield would be necessary
so to protect those working with the apparatus. All of this is set
between the roll ends that make the device look like a giant spool.
There are no moving parts. The machine operates silently. The
radioactive materials probably would have to be replaced from time to
time. Whether the coils have to be excited once before the device will
operate, I don't know. It may be they have to excite each time the
machine is started to establish the directional flow of the current. If
Father Smith made any records of his findings in connection with
Hubbard's transformer, they are not available at present. Recent inquiry
at the college disclosed that Professor Smith has passed away and the
college library contains no notes covering this matter. As far as can be
determined no US patents ever were issued to Hubbard's covering the
device. The Radium Chemical Company list of patents is long but no title
in their list appears to cover such an apparatus as Hubbard's. Either
the device was not developed to a point where a patent could be obtained
or because of seeming friction which developed between the company and
Hubbard it was impossible for either to obtain a patent. It was possible
that patents exist in other countries.
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US Patent # 1,723,422 Internal Combustion Engine Spark Plug (August 6,
1929) Alfred M. Hubbard Assignor to Radium Spark Plug Corporation My
invention relates to the art of spark plugs. More particularly, my
invention relates to a spark plug the terminals of which, that are
disposed within the cylinder of an internal combustion engine, are
provided with radium for ionizing the space between said terminals.
While I will describe my invention as applied to spark plugs for use in
internal combustion engines, nevertheless, it is to be expressly
understood that my invention is not to be construed as limited to such
specific application, but is applicable to all uses where like
conditions and like problems obtain. Spark plugs, as heretofore designed
for use in automobiles, are provided with a gap between the terminals of
approximately one-thirty-second of an inch (1/32"). The aim of
automobile engineers is to provide as great a gap as possible, in order
to provide as prolonged an exposure of the fuel to the ignition spark as
possible. However, the length of this exposure to the ignition means is
definitely limited by the factors obtaining in the timing mechanism. If
too large an amperage is employed, the breaker points in the timing
mechanism are burned off. Therefore, it has been found that a compromise
in the time during which the fuel may be exposed to the ignition spark
and the ability of said breaker points to support the current is
necessary, and, as a result, the gap between the terminals of the
ordinary spark plug, as used in automobile engines, has been established
as about 1-32nd of an inch. A primary object of my invention is to
extend the period of exposure of the fuel to the ignition spark, and at
the same time take into due consideration the weakness or limitations
imposed by the breaker points of the timing mechanism. A further
difficulty that obtains in the ignition of fuel in internal combustion
engines, by means of spark plugs of present practice design, resides in
the fact that while under compression the spaced relation is limited to
about 1-32nd of an inch., the same spark would jump a gap of some ten
times the said space when exposed to pressures no greater than
atmospheric pressure. In other words, it seems that subjecting the fuel
gases to compression, as obtains in the ordinary internal combustion
engine as used in automobiles, greatly reduces the space that may be
provided between the terminals. That is, in the ordinary internal
combustion engine, the necessity of compressing the fuel gases militates
against providing the best condition for providing the ignition spark
with spark plugs of ordinary practice design; that is, the said
compression militates against providing a spark which will ignite any
other than the more volatile parts of the fuel. A primary object of my
invention is to provide a spark plug which overcomes this objection. A
further primary object of my invention is to provide a spark plug which
will reduce the period of combustion of the fuel charge of the internal
combustion engine, by providing an ignition means of a higher degree of
heat. The above-mentioned general objects of my invention, together with
others inherent in the same, are attained by the device illustrated in
the following drawings, the same being merely preferred exemplary forms
of embodiment of my invention, throughout which drawings lie reference
numerals indicate like parts: Figure 1 is a preferred form, in side
elevation, of a spark plug embodying my invention, having its terminals
provided with radioactive matters; Figure 2 is a view of such a spark
plug, having the radioactive matter disposed in a pocket within the end
portion of the terminals; Figure 3 is a fragmentary view of such a spark
plug having the radioactive matter applied to the end portions of the
terminals; and Figure 4 is a view of still another modified form
embodying my invention, where the spark plug has but one terminal and
the engine piston constitutes the other terminal for the ignition means.
In constructing a spark plug embodying my invention, preferably one or
both of the terminals 5 and 6 are provided with radioactive matter 7
such as, for example, radium zinc sulphite. Preferably, one terminal 5,
which is the positive terminal, is provided with said radioactive
matter. These terminals, it will be noted, are in spaced relation, --
the space 8 is provided between the same. The dotted lone 9 indicates
the relative position of the terminal of the present practice design of
spark plug for use in automobile internal combustion engines. The
radioactive matter is disposed throughout the material constituting the
terminal in the preferred form shown in Figure 1. The providing of such
a terminal may be accomplished by heating the material constituting the
said terminal to a very high degree of temperature in an electric
furnace, and then when the molecules of said terminal material are in
expanded form, the same may be dipped in radioactive matter, thereby
impregnating the terminal substance with the radioactive matter. In
Figure 2, the terminal may be provided with pocket 10, and this pocket
supplied with radioactive matter. Then the said pocket may be closed by
suitable plugging material 11. In the modified form shown in Figure 3,
the radioactive matter is applied to the end portions of the terminal by
coating the same with material containing radioactive matter 7. In the
modified form shown in Figure 3, the radioactive matter is applied to
the end portions of the terminal by coating the same with material
containing radioactive matter 7. In the modified form shown in Figure 4,
a spark plug having but one terminal 12, which is the positive terminal,
may be provided with radioactive matter, and the piston 13 itself in
cylinder 14 may be employed to constitute the negative terminal. The use
of the piston for such a purpose is rendered possible owing to the fact
that the space between the terminals may be greatly increased as
compared to the present practice design of spark plug, so that the spark
may be caused to pass from the terminal 12 to the piston 13, when the
said piston is at its topmost position, or as it approaches its topmost
position. The mode of operation of a spark plug embodying my invention
is as follows. The radioactive matter provided on one or both of the
terminals of the spark plug facilitates the current passing between said
terminals by ionizing the space therebetween. Hence, instead of the
short interval of 1/32" which normally obtains between the terminals of
spark plugs used in automobile internal combustion engines, I provide a
much greater space. Said space may be 1/4" or more. My experiments and
use of the spark plug so constructed have proven that the spark thus
provided is of much greater degree of brightness, and is characterized
by a much greater degree of heat. Thus, I provide for a much longer
exposure of the fuel to the ignition spark, so that parts of said fuel,
which are of less volatility that others, may be ignited by the spark,
owing to its high degree of heat, as well as the heat developed by the
burning of the more volatile parts of the fuel charge. This results in
providing for a more complete combustion of the fuel in a much briefer
period of time than has heretofore been possible, and also the more
nearly complete elimination of all the unburnt fuel left in the
cylinder. By providing for the more complete combustion, I also provide
for the reduction of carbon, which results from imperfect combustion,
and which is very objectionable in that it dilutes the lubricating
qualities of the oil in the crank casing. Furthermore, a distinct
advantage is noted in that a leaner fuel mixture may be employed. To
secure the same amount of power due to the more complete combustion
provided by my invention. In other words, an advantage results by reason
of my invention in the economizing of fuel. My experiments have shown
that an engine, which may be very slow to start with spark plugs as
heretofore designed, operates forthwith when provided with spark plugs
embodying my invention, i.e., it is not necessary to "heat up" before
the engine is able to move the car. The same principles hereinabove set
forth, as respects the spark plug embodying my invention, applies to the
other modified forms illustrated. The modified form shown in Figure 4
manifestly overcomes any difficulty of the carbon collecting between the
terminals, not only by the elimination of one of the terminals in the
form of a small terminal wire, but the comlpeteness of the combustion
reduces the amount of carbon which is developed. The necessity of
providing a carefully adjusted space interval is not requisite when the
said interval is ionized, and, therefore, the care and attention now
required to maintain said space is eliminated. Obviously, changes may be
made in the forms, dimensions, an arrangement of the parts of my
invention, without departing from the principle thereof, the above
setting forth only preferred forms of embodiment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Who Was Alfred M. Hubbard? by Todd Fahey Before Sergeant Pepper's Lonely
Hearts Club Band...before Timothy Leary...before Ken Kesey's band of
Merry Pranksters and their Electric Kool-Aid Acid Tests...before the
dawn of the Grateful Dead, there was Alfred M. Hubbard: the Original
Captain Trips. You will not read about him in the history books. He left
no diary, nor chatty relatives to memorialize him in print. And if a
cadre of associates had not recently agreed to open its files, Captain
Alfred M. Hubbard might exist in death as he did in life--a man of
mirrors and shadows, revealing himself to even his closest friends only
on a need-to-know basis. They called him "the Johnny Appleseed of LSD."
He was to the psychedelic movement nothing less than the membrane
through which all passed to enter into the Mysteries. Beverly Hills
psychiatrist Oscar Janiger once said of Hubbard, "We waited for him like
a little old lady for the Sears-Roebuck catalog." Waited for him to
unlock his ever-present leather satchel loaded with
pharmaceutically-pure psilocybin, mescaline or his personal favorite,
Sandoz LSD-25. Those who will talk about Al Hubbard are few. Oscar
Janiger told this writer that "nothing of substance has been written
about Al Hubbard, and probably nothing ever should." He is treated like
a demigod by some, as a lunatic uncle by others. But nobody is
ambivalent about the Captain: He was as brilliant as the noonday sun,
mysterious as the rarest virus, and friendly like a golden retriever.
The first visage of Hubbard was beheld by Dr. Humphry Osmond, now senior
psychiatrist at Alabama's Bryce Hospital. He and Dr. John Smythies were
researching the correlation between schizophrenia and the hallucinogens
mescaline and adrenochrome at Weyburn Hospital in Saskatchewan, Canada,
when an A.M. Hubbard requested the pleasure of Osmond's company for
lunch at the swank Vancouver Yacht Club. Dr. Osmond later recalled, "It
was a very dignified place, and I was rather awed by it. [Hubbard] was a
powerfully-built man...with a broad face and a firm hand-grip. He was
also very genial, an excellent host." Captain Hubbard was interested in
obtaining some mescaline, and, as it was still legal, Dr. Osmond
supplied him with some. "He was interested in all sorts of odd things,"
Osmond laughs. Among Hubbard's passions was motion. His identity as
"captain" came from his master of sea vessels certification and a stint
in the US Merchant Marine. At the time of their meeting in 1953, Al
Hubbard owned secluded Daymen Island off the coast of Vancouver--a
former Indian colony surrounded by a huge wall of oyster shells. To
access his 24-acre estate, Hubbard built a hangar for his aircraft and a
slip for his yacht from a fallen redwood. But it was the inner voyage
that drove the Captain until his death in 1982. Fueled by psychedelics,
he set sail and rode the great wave as a neuronaut, with only the white
noise in his ears and a fever in his brain. His head shorn to a crew and
wearing a paramilitary uniform with a holstered long-barrel Colt .45,
Captain Al Hubbard showed up one day in '63 on the doorstep of a young
Harvard psychologist named Timothy Leary. "He blew in with that
uniform...laying down the most incredible atmosphere of mystery and
flamboyance, and really impressive bullshit!" Leary recalls. "He was
pissed off. His Rolls Royce had broken down on the freeway, so he went
to a pay phone and called the company in London. That's what kind of guy
he was. He started name-dropping like you wouldn't believe...claimed he
was friends with the Pope." Did Leary believe him? "Well, yeah, no
question." The captain had come bearing gifts of LSD, which he wanted to
swap for psilocybin, the synthetic magic mushroom produced by
Switzerland's Sandoz Laboratories. "The thing that impressed me," Leary
remembers, "is on one hand he looked like a carpetbagger con man, and on
the other he had these most-impressive people in the world on his lap,
basically backing him." Among Hubbard's heavyweight cheerleaders was
Aldous Huxley, author of the sardonic novel Brave New World. Huxley had
been turned on to mescaline by Osmond in '53, an experience that spawned
the seminal psychedelic handbook The Doors of Perception. Huxley became
an unabashed sponsor for the chemicals then known as
"psychotomimetic"--literally, "madness mimicking." But neither Huxley
nor Hubbard nor Osmond experienced madness, and Dr. Osmond wrote a rhyme
to Huxley one day in the early 1950s, coining a new word for the English
language, and a credo for the next generation: To fathom hell or soar
angelic, just take a pinch of psychedelic Those who knew Al Hubbard
would describe him as just a "barefoot boy from Kentucky," who never got
past third grade. But as a young man, the shoeless hillbilly was
purportedly visited by a pair of angels, who told him to build
something. He had absolutely no training, "but he had these visions, and
he learned to trust them early on," says Willis Harman, director of the
Institute of Noetic Sciences in Sausalito, CA. In 1919, guided by
other-worldly forces, Hubbard invented the Hubbard Energy Transformer, a
radioactive battery that could not be explained by the technology of the
day. The Seattle Post- Intelligencer reported that Hubbard's invention,
hidden in an 11" x 14" box, had powered a ferry-sized vessel around
Seattle's Portico Bay nonstop for three days. Fifty percent rights to
the patent were eventually bought by the Radium Corporation of
Pittsburgh for $75,000, and nothing more was heard of the Hubbard Energy
Transformer. Hubbard stifled his talents briefly as an engineer in the
early 1920s, but an unquenchable streak of mischief burned in the boy
inventor. Vancouver magazine's Ben Metcalfe reports that Hubbard soon
took a job as a Seattle taxi driver during Prohibition. With a
sophisticated ship-to-shore communications system hidden in the trunk of
his cab, Hubbard helped rum-runners to successfully ferry booze past the
US and Canadian Coast Guards. He was, however, caught by the FBI and
went to prison for 18 months. After his release, Hubbard's natural
talent for electronic communications attracted scouts from Allen
Dulles's Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Also according to Metcalfe,
Hubbard was at least peripherally involved in the Manhattan Project. The
captain was pardoned of any and all wrongdoing by Harry S. Truman under
Presidential Pardon #2676, and subsequently became agent Captain Al
Hubbard of the OSS. As a maritime specialist, Hubbard was enjoined to
ship heavy armaments from San Diego to Canada at night, without lights,
in the waning hours of World War II--an operations of dubious legality,
which had him facing a Congressional investigation. To escape federal
indictment, Hubbard moved to Vancouver and became a Canadian citizen.
Parlaying connections and cash, Hubbard founded Marine Manufacturing, a
Vancouver charter-boat concern, and in his early 40s realized his
lifelong ambition of becoming a millionaire. By 1950 he was scientific
director of the Uranium Corporation of Vancouver, owned his own fleet of
aircraft, a 100-foot yacht, and a Canadian island. And he was miserable.
"Al was desperately searching for meaning in his life," says Willis
Harman. Seeking enlightenment, Hubbard returned to an area near Spokane,
WA, where he'd spent summers during his youth. He hiked into the woods
and an angel purportedly appeared to him in a clearing. "She told Al
that something tremendously important to the future of mankind would be
coming soon, and that he could play a role in it if he wanted to," says
Harman. "But he hadn't the faintest clue what he was supposed to be
looking for." In 1951, reading a scientific journal, Hubbard stumbled
across an article about the behavior of rats given LSD. "He knew that
was it," says Harman. Hubbard went and found the person conduction the
experiment, and came back with some LSD for himself. After his very
first acid experience, he became a True Believer. "Hubbard discovered
psychedelics as a boon and a sacrament," recalls Leary. A 1968 resume
states that Hubbard was at various times employed by the Canadian
Special Services, the US Justice Department and, ironically, what is now
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Whether he was part of the
CIA mind-control project known as MK-ULTRA, might never be known: all
paperwork generated in connection with that diabolical experiment was
destroyed in '73 by MK-ULTRA chief Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, on orders from
then-CIA Director Richard Helms, citing a "paper crisis." Under the
auspices of MK-ULTRA the CIA regularly dosed its agents and associates
with powerful hallucinogens as a preemptive measure against the Soviets'
own alleged chemical technology, often with disastrous results. The
secret project would see at least two deaths: tennis pro Harold Blauer
died after a massive injection of MDA; and the army's own Frank Olson, a
biological-warfare specialist, crashed through a closed window in the
12th floor of New York's Statler Hotel, after drinking cognac laced with
LSD during a CIA symposium. Dr. Osmond doubts that Hubbard would have
been associated with such a project "not particularly on humanitarian
grounds, but on the grounds that it was bad technique." But Hubbard's
secret connections did allow him to expose over 6,000 people to LSD
before it was effectively banned in '66. He shared the sacrament with a
prominent Monsignor of the Catholic Church in North America, explored
the roots of alcoholism with AA founder Bill Wilson, and stormed the
pearly gates with Aldus Huxley (in a session that resulted in the
psychedelic tome Heaven and Hell). Laura Huxley met Captain Hubbard for
the first time at her and her husband's Hollywood Hills home in the
early 1960s. "He showed up for lunch one afternoon, and he brought with
him a portable tank filled with a gas of some kind. He offered some to
us," she recalls, "but we said we didn't care for any, so he put it down
and we all had lunch. He went into the bathroom with the tank after
lunch, and breathed into it for about ten seconds. It must have been
very concentrated, because he came out revitalized and very jubilant,
talking about a vision he had seen of the Virgin Mary." "I was convinced
that he was the man to bring LSD to planet Earth," remarks, Myron
Stolaroff, who was assistant to the president of long-range planning at
Ampex Corporation when he met the captain. Stolaroff learned of Hubbard
through philosopher Gerald Heard, a friend and spiritual mentor to
Huxley. "Gerald had reached tremendous levels of contemplative prayer,
and I didn't know what in the world he was doing fooling around with
drugs." Heard had written a letter to Stolaroff, describing the beauty
of his psychedelic experience with Al Hubbard. "That letter would be
priceless -- but Hubbard, I'm sure, arranged to have it stolen.... He
was a sonofabitch: God and the Devil, both there in full force."
Stolaroff was so moved by Heard's letter that, in '56, he agreed to take
LSD with Hubbard in Vancouver. "After that first LSD experience, I said
'this is the greatest discovery man has ever made.'" He was not alone.
Through his interest in aircraft, Hubbard had become friends with a
prominent Canadian businessman. The businessman eventually found himself
taking LSD with Hubbard and, after coming down, told Hubbard never to
worry about money again: He had seen the future, and Al Hubbard was its
Acid Messiah. Hubbard abandoned his uranium empire and, for the next
decade, traveled the globe as a psychedelic missionary. "Al's dream was
to open up a worldwide chain of clinics as training grounds for other
LSD researchers," says Stolaroff. His first pilgrimage was to
Switzerland, home of Sandoz Laboratories, producers of both Delysid
(trade name for LSD) and psilocybin. He procured a gram of LSD (roughly
10,000 doses) and set up shop in a safe-deposit vault in the Zurich
airport's duty-free section. From there he was able to ship quantities
of his booty without a tariff to a waiting world. Swiss officials
quickly detained Hubbard for violating the nation's drug laws, which
provided no exemption from the duty-free provision. Myron Stolaroff
petitioned Washington for the Captain's release, but the State
Department wanted nothing to do with Al Hubbard. Oddly, when a hearing
was held, blue-suited officials from the department were in attendance.
The Swiss tribunal declared Hubbard's passport invalid for five years,
and he was deported. Undeterred, Hubbard traveled to Czechoslovakia,
where he had another gram of LSD put into tablet form by Chemapol -- a
division of the pharmaceutical giant Spofa--and then flew west.
Procuring a Ph.D. in biopsychology from a less-than-esteemed academic
outlet called Taylor University, the captain became Dr. Alfred M.
Hubbard, clinical therapist. In '57, he met Ross MacLean, medical
superintendent of the Hollywood Hospital in New Westminster, Canada.
MacLean was so impressed with Hubbard's knowledge of the human condition
that he devoted an entire wing of the hospital to the study of
psychedelic therapy for chronic alcoholics. According to Metcalfe,
MacLean was also attracted to the fact that Hubbard was Canada's sole
licensed importer of Sandoz LSD. "I remember seeing Al on the phone in
his living room one day. He was elated because the FDA had just given
him IND#1," says one Hubbard confidante upon condition of anonymity. His
Investigational New Drug permit also allowed Hubbard to experiment with
LSD in the USA. For the next few years, Hubbard -- together with
Canadian psychiatrist Abram Hoffer and Dr. Humphry Osmond -- pioneered a
psychedelic regimen with a recovery rate of between 60% and 70% -- far
above that of AA or Schick Hospital's so-called "aversion therapy."
Hubbard would lift mentally-disturbed lifelong alcoholics out of
psychosis with a mammoth dose of liquid LSD, letting them view their
destructive habits from a completely new vantage point. "As a therapist,
he was one of the best," says Stolaroff, who worked with Hubbard until
1965 at the International Federation for Advanced Study in Menlo Park,
California, which he founded after leaving Ampex. Whereas many LSD
practitioners were content to strap their patients onto a 3' x 6' cot
and have them attempt to perform a battery of mathematical formulae with
a head full of LSD, Hubbard believed in a comfortable couch and throw
pillows. He also employed icons and symbols to send the experience into
a variety of different directions: someone uptight may be asked to look
at a photo of a glacier, which would soon melt into blissful relaxation;
a person seeking the spiritual would be directed to a picture of Jesus,
and enter into a one-on-one relationship with the Savior. But Hubbard's
days at Hollywood Hospital ended in 1957, not long after they had begun,
after a philosophical dispute with Ross MacLean. The suave hospital
administrator was getting fat from the $1,000/dose fees charged to
Hollywood's elite patients, who included members of the Canadian
Parliament and the American film community. Hubbard, who believed in
freely distributing LSD for the world good, felt pressured by MacLean to
share in the profits, and ultimately resigned rather than accept an
honorarium for his services. His departure came as the Canadian Medical
Association was becoming increasingly suspicious of Hollywood Hospital
in the wake of publicity surrounding MK-ULTRA. The Canadian Citizen's
Commission on Human Rights had already discovered one Dr. Harold
Abramson, a CIA contract psychiatrist, on the board of MacLean's
International Association for Psychedelic Therapy, and external pressure
was weighing on MacLean to release Al Hubbard, the former OSS officer
with suspected CIA links. Compounding Hubbard's plight was the death of
his Canadian benefactor, leaving Hubbard with neither an income nor the
financial cushion upon which he had become dependent. His services were
eventually recruited by Willis Harman, then-Director of the Educational
Policy Research Center within the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) of
Stanford University. Harman employed Hubbard as a security guard for
SRI, "although," Harman admits, "Al never did anything resembling
security work." Hubbard was specifically assigned to the Alternative
Futures Project, which performed future-oriented strategic planning for
corporations and government agencies. Harman and Hubbard shared a goal
"to provide the [LSD] experience to political and intellectual leaders
around the world." Harman acknowledges that "Al's job was to run the
special [LSD] sessions for us." According to Dr. Abram Hoffer, "Al had a
grandiose idea that if he could give the psychedelic experience to the
major executives of the Fortune 500 companies, he would change the whole
of society." Hubbard's tenure at SRI was uneasy. The political bent of
the Stanford think-tank was decidedly left-wing, clashing sharply with
Hubbard's own world-perspective. "Al was really an arch-conservative,"
says the confidential source. "He really didn't like what the hippies
were doing with LSD, and he held Timothy Leary in great contempt."
Humphry Osmond recalls a particular psilocybin session in which "Al got
greatly preoccupied with the idea that he ought to shoot Timothy, and
when I began to reason with him that this would be a very bad idea...I
became much concerned that he might shoot me..." "To Al," says Myron
Stolaroff, "LSD enabled man to see his true self, his true nature and
the true order of things." But, to Hubbard, the true order of things had
little to do with the antics of the American Left. Recognizing its
potential psychic hazards, Hubbard believed that LSD should be
administered and monitored by trained professionals. He claimed that he
had stockpiled more LSD than anyone on the planet besides
Sandoz--including the US government--and he clearly wanted a firm hand
in influencing the way it was used. However, Hubbard refused all
opportunities to become the LSD Philosopher-King. Whereas Leary would
naturally gravitate toward any microphone available, Hubbard preferred
the role of the silent curandero, providing the means for the
experience, and letting voyagers decipher its meaning for themselves.
When cornered by a video camera shortly before this death, and asked to
say something to the future, Hubbard replied simply, "You're the
future." In March of 1966, the cold winds of Congress blew out all hope
for Al Hubbard's enlightened Mother Earth. Facing a storm of protest
brought on by Leary's reckless antics and the "LSD-related suicide" of
Diane Linkletter, President Lyndon Johnson signed into law the Drug
Abuse Control Amendment, which declared lysergic acid diethylamide a
Schedule I substance; simple possession was deemed a felony, punishable
by 15 years in prison. According to Humphry Osmond, Hubbard lobbied
Vice-President Hubert Humphrey, who reportedly took the cause of LSD
into the Senate chambers, and emerged un-victorious. "[The government]
had a deep fear of having their picture of reality challenged," mourns
Harman. "It had nothing to do with people harming their lives with
chemicals--because if you took all the people who had ever had any
harmful effects from psychedelics, it's minuscule compared to those
associated with alcohol and tobacco." FDA chief James L. Goddard ordered
agents to seize all remaining psychedelics not accounted for by Sandoz.
"It was scary," recalls Dr. Oscar Janiger, whose Beverly Hills office
was raided and years' worth of clinical research confiscated. Hubbard
begged Abram Hoffer to let him hide his supply in Hoffer's Canadian
Psychiatric Facility. But the doctor refused, and its believed that
Hubbard sent most of his LSD back to Switzerland, rather than risk
prosecution. When the panic subsided, only five government-approved
scientists were allowed to continue LSD research--none using humans, and
none of them associated with Al Hubbard. In 1968, his finances in ruins,
Hubbard was forced to sell his private island sanctuary for what one
close friend termed "a pittance." He filled a number of boats with the
antiquated electronics used in his eccentric nuclear experiments, and
left Daymen Island for California. Hubbard's efforts in his last decade
were effectively wasted, according to most of his friends. Lack of both
finances and government permit to resume research crippled all remaining
projects he may have had in the hopper. After SRI canceled his contract
in 1974 Hubbard went into semiretirement, splitting his time between a
5-acre ranch in Vancouver and an apartment in Menlo Park. But in 1978,
battling an enlarged heart and never far away from a bottle of pure
oxygen, Hubbard make one last run at the FDA. He applied for an IND to
use LSD-25 on terminal cancer patients, furnishing the FDA with two
decades of clinical documentation. The FDA set the application aside,
pending the addition to Hubbard's team of a medical doctor, a supervised
medical regimen, and an AMA-accredited hospital. Hubbard secured the
help of Oscar Janiger, but the two could not agree on methodology, and
Janiger bowed out, leaving Al Hubbard, in his late 70s, without the
strength to carry on alone. Says Willis Harman: "He knew that his work
was done." The Captain lived out his last days nearly broke, having
exhausted his resources trying to harness a dream. Like the final
fleeting hour of an acid trip --- when the edge softens and a man
realizes that he will not solve the secrets of the Universe, despite
what the mind had said earlier --- Hubbard smiled gracefully, laid down
his six-shooter, and retired to a mobile home in Casa Grande, Arizona.
On August 31, 1982, at the age of 81, Al Hubbard was called home, having
ridden the dream like a rodeo cowboy. On very quiet nights, with the
right kind of ears, you can hear him giving God hell.
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